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The material and recommendations in UpToDate represent the best judgment of the authors based on their evaluation of the literature. What studies they select to discuss and their analysis of them are necessarily subjective. Bias may be extremely difficult to detect because these articles may contain no primary data to speak for themselves. For this reason, we make full disclosure to our readers of potential conflicts of interests and may elect, at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief, not to publish material written by an author with a large conflict in a controversial therapeutic area. This policy is not intended to suggest or condone bias in any presentation but is used to provide our subscribers with information that might be of potential importance to their evaluation of the material.


The following authors have disclosed the following financial associations:

Nezam H Afdhal, MD - Consultant: Schering Plough. Research support: Schering Plough, Ortho, Roche, Achillion
Dennis Ahnen, MD - Scientific Advisory Board Member: Cell Pathways, Exact Laboratories
Kenneth B Ain, MD - Research support: Bristol-Myers Squibb; Celgene. Speakers bureau: Abbott Pharmaceuticals
Steven M Albelda, MD - Consultant: GenStar Corporation
Gerald B Appel, MD - Merck; Pfizer; Bristol Myers Squibb; Novartis; Alteon; Alexion; La Jolla Pharmaceuticals; Amgen; Ortho
Mark D Aronson, MD - Former consultant: Healthvision
Stephen R Ash, MD, FACP - Stock: HemoCleanse
Michael B Atkins, MD - Chiron; Schering Plough; Amgen
Charles W Atwood, Jr, MD - Consulting, Speaking Bureau: Respironics, Inc.
Larry Baddour, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Pharmacia, BMS, Aventis, Elan, Ortho Biotech, NovartisGrant support, investigation (clinical trials): BMS
William Bailey, MD - Research support: Boehringer, GlaxoSmithkline,Aventis, Novartis, Schering Plough Merck, Inspire
Dean F Bajorin, MD - Eli Lilly, Bristol Myers Squibb
Zahid Bajwa, MD - Research grants and consulting fees: Novartis, Pharmacia, Pfizer, Glasco-Smith Kline. Honoraria: Merck, Johnson & Johnson.
George L Bakris, MD - Consultant/Research grants: Abbott, Astra-Zeneca, Boeringer-Ingelheim, BMS, Merck, Pfizer, Forest, Bioval, Novartis, Solvay, Sankyo
John G Bartlett, MD - HIV advisory boards: DuPont, Merck and Glaxo
Nesli Basgoz, MD - Speakers Bureau: Chiron Corporation.
Heinrich D Becker, MD - Olympus
James R Berenson, MD - Grant/Research Support: Novartis, Celgene, AMGEN, Millennium, CTI; Consultant: Novartis, Celgene, AMGEN, Millennium, CTI; Speaker's Bureau: Novartis, Celgene
Christopher R Blagg, MD, FRCP - Investigator: Aksys Ltd
William Blattner, - Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
Homer A Boushey, MD - Research grant: Glaxo-Wellcome
Athos Bousvaros, MD - Fujisawa - grant recipient in 1995Con Agra - grant recipient in 1998
Glenn D Braunstein, MD - Consultant:Abbott Diagnostics; Proctor & GambleMedical Advisory Committee: Esotrix/Endocrine Sciences
George Bray, MD - Consultant: Johnson & Johnson, Takeda. Grant support: Hoffman LaRoche, NIH, Regeneron, Aventis.
Randolf Brehler, MD - Aventis, Allergopharma
Paul H Brion, MD - Lecturer: Pharmacia; Merck
Pim Y Brouwers, PhD - Glaxo Wellcome
Eduardo Bruera, MD - Research grant: Pharmascience Canada
Kenneth D Burman, MD - Consultant/Lecturer: Novartis; Abbott; Proctor/Gamble; Novavax
Christopher S Cadman, MD - St. Jude Medical (PACESETTER)
Angela M Caliendo, MD, PhD - Scientific Advisor: Roche Diagnostic Systems, Organon Teknika, bioMerieux, Acrometrix
Michael Camilleri, MD - Support of research program: Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Takeda, Janssen, Merck kGAa (Germany). Educational grant: Wyeth-Ayerst, Johnson & Johnson.
A John Camm, MD - Consultancy/Research grants: Pfizer; Procter & Gamble. Advisor: Medtronic.
George Canellos, MD - Oncology Advisory Board, Bristol Myers
Jacob Canick, PhD - Ortho-clinical; Diagnostic Systems Laboratories
Ronald Caputo, MD - Founder, Chairman, Stockholder in Angiolink Co.
Joseph Carrozza, MD - Senior advisory board: Kensey Nash
Robert F Casper, MD - license agreement with Ortho-McNeil, Serono
Antonino Catanzaro, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Pfizer, Inc., Bayer Corporation, Gen-Probe, Inc.; Consultant: ChemBio Diagnostic Systems, Inc.; Member of Board of Directors: Cellestis Limited
Kanu Chatterjee, MD - Received honorarium for speaking at: Astra-Zeneca, Bristol M.S., Merck, Scios, DuPont, Pfizer, Elililly
Melvin D Cheitlin, MD - Consultant to Pfizer and Lilly. On the Speaker's Bureau for Pfizer.
Sanjiv Chopra, MD - Speaker's Bureau and Research Grants: Schering Plough
Jonathan Cohen, MD - Speakers Bureau: Wyeth-Ayerst
Debbie Cohen, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Merck & Co., AstraZeneca
Steven L Cohn, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Pfizer, Aventis; Stockholder: Glaxo, Merck, Pfizer, Pharmacia
Bruce N Cronstein, MD - Speaker Grant: Merck Consultant: King Pharmaceutical Sponsored Speaker: Amgen
Glenn R Cunningham, MD - Phase III studies, Merck.
Judith S Currier, MD, MSc - I have received honorarium from Aqouron, which is now part of Pfizer, for attending an Advisory Board Meeting (Consultant).
Terry F Davies, MD, FRCP - Kronus
Nancy A Dawson, MD - Advisory Board: Astra Zeneca
Bruce J Dezube, MD - Speaker's Bureau:Ligand Pharmaceuticals
Richard H Drew, PharmD, MS, BCPS - Speakers bureau: Aventis, Pharmacia-Upjohn, Bayer, BM Squibb. Consultant: Cobist, Astra-Zeneca, Merck. Research support: Elan, Ortho-McNeil.
Catherine E DuBeau, MD - Advisory board: Pharmacia
Franz R. Eberli, MD - Merck Sharp Dohme
David A Ehrmann, MD - Takeda Pharmaceuticals, research support
George M Eliopoulos, MD - Received research grant support:AstraZeneca, Aventis, CubistSpeaking honoraria: Aventis, Bayer, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, PharmaciaConsulting fees: Abbott Laboratories, Aventis, Cubist, GlaxoSmithKline, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals, PharmaciaOther: RW Johnson Pharm Research Institute
Ezekiel J Emanuel, MD, PhD - Stockholder: Titan Pharmaceuticals, Sangstat, Genzyme, Biogen, Aldor
Joseph Eron, MD - Research grants from: GSK, MERCK, ROCHE, TRIMERIS, TRIANGLE Pharm, ABBOTT; Advisory Board: GSK, MERCK, ABBOTT
Zeev Estrov, MD - Procyon Biopharma Inc.
Gary T Ferguson, MD - Boehringer Ingelheim; GlaxoSmithKline; Biotechnology General
James E Fish, MD - Consultant: GlaxoSmithKline, Aventis, AstraZeneca, Schering-Key, ViroPharma, Genentech, Novartis. Research grant: GlaxoSmithKline, Aventis. Speaker: GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Novartis.
Elyse Foster, MD - Grant recipient: Guidant Corporation, Point Biomedical
Robert Fox, MD - Speaker's bureau: Aventis
Joy L Fridey, MD - Equity: Northfield Labs
John N Galgiani, MD - Research grants: Pfizer, Janssen, Lilly, Merck, Schering PloughSpeaker's Bureau: Pfizer, OrthoBiotech
Marc B Garnick, MD - Praecus Pharmaceuticals
Mark Gebhardt, MD - Massachusetts General Hospital Tumor Fellow: Howmedica-Osteonics
James N George, MD - Consultant: Nabi
C Michael Gibson, MS, MD - Research Grants: Astra; COR Therapeutics; RPR/Aventis; Boston Scientific; Bristol Meyers Squibb; Cibu Geigy; DVI Guidant; Eli Lilly; Genentech; Merck; Percusurge; Parke Davis (Pfizer); Smith Kline Beecham; Sonus; NIH; Percusurge; Pharmadigm; Thoratec
Dafna D Gladman, MD - Advisory Board: Aventis, Immunex
Thomas A Golper, MD, FACP - Speaker's bureau: Amgen, Baxter, Ortho Biotech, Roche
John Gorcsan, MD - GE Medical, Research Grant Support; Toshiba Medical, Research Grant Support
Richard J Grand, MD - Advisory Board: Solvay Pharmaceuticals & Ascent Pediatrics; Consultant: Tillots, Inc.
Ellen Gravallese, MD - Scientific Advisory Board/Consultant: Amgen, Inc.
Amy Graziani, PharmD - Bristol Myers Squibb; Dupont Pharmacy; Agouron
F Anthony Greco, MD - Grant support: Bristol Myer Squbb, Eli Lilly, Glaxo Smith Kline, Genentech, Aventis
Jerry M Greene, MD - Subinvestigator in a study supported by Merck; Equity in Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Glaxo-Wellcome, Pfizer.
James Griffin, MD - Speaker's bureau: UnimedConsultant: Allergan
Tatyana Gurvich, PharmD - Lecturer: Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center and USC School of Pharmacy; Writer/Editor: PharMerica and Springhouse Corp
Jack M Gwaltney, Jr, MD - AH Robins; Abbot; Astra; Bayer; Bristol-Myers Squibb; DuPont; Forest/UAD Labs; GlaxoSmithKline; Hoechst-Marion-Roussel; Eli Lilly; Parke-Davis; Pfizer; Pharmacia & UpJohn; Rhone-Poulenc Rorer; Sandoz; Scherling; SmithKline Beecham; Wyeth-Ayerst
John D Hainsworth, MD - Grant support for clinical research: Bristol Myers Squbb, Eli Lilly, Aventis
Malcolm L Handel, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP - Medicines Research Unit Director: GlaxoSmithKline
Susan M Harding, MD - Consultant: Astra Zeneca
Sundaram Hariharan, MD - Renal Allograft Disease Registry; Hoffman LaRoche
Paul Harrison, PhD - Research support: Sysmex
David L Hayes, MD - Medtronic, Inc.; Guidant; St. Jude
Daniel F Hayes, MD - Consultant/Panel Participant or Lecturer/Honorarium during last 12 months: Astra-Zeneca, Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Coley Pharmaceuticals, Immunicon, Ligand, Novartis, Wyeth Ayerst-Genetics Institute; Sponsored Clinical Research: Agouron, Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, Aventis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Genentech, Genta Inc, Immunicon, Novartis, SmithKline Beecham.
Frances Hayes, MD - consultant with GlaxoSmithKline
Steven C Hebert, MD - Patent with NPS Pharmaceuticals for calcium-receptor agonists/antagonists
Charles H Hennekens, MD - Research support: Bayer. Consultant: Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Rolinnet, Pfizer.
William Henrich, MD - Consultant to Amgen on Early Renal Insufficiency Registry.
Paul J Hesketh, MD - Consultant: Aventis, Roche.
Ziyad M Hijazi, MD, FACC - Consultant: AGA Medical Corporation
Nicholas S Hill, MD - Research grant: Resmed, Inc.
Martin S Hirsch, MD - Consultant: Pfizer, Eli Lilly, Astra-Zeneca; Research support from Eli Lilly, Pharmacia
Lisa R Hirschhorn, MD, MPH - Speaker's Bureau: Abbott, Bristol-Myers Squibb. Honorarium: Agouron, GlaxoWellcome.
Walter J Hogan, MD - Preceptorship program and consultant: Astra-Zeneka; Program consultant: Novartis
David C Hooper, MD - Advisory Board: Bristol Myers Squibb, Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Daiichi Pharmaceuticals, Ortho McNeil, Roche Laboratories, GlaxoSmithKline.Research Grant Support: Bayer Corporation, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ortho McNeil, Pharmacia & Upjohn, GlaxoSmithKline. Lecture Honoraria: Bayer Corporation, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck & Co, Ortho McNeil, Pharmacia & Upjohn, GlaxoSmithKline. Consultant: Abbott Pharmaceuticals, Bayer Corporation, Genome Therapeutics Corp, Merlin Technologies, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Proctor & Gamble.
Thomas M Hooton, MD - Research grant: MedImmune; Occasional lecture honoraria: Bayer, Ortho, Bristol-Myers Squibb
Marshall Horwitz, MD - Consultant: Gene Control S.A.
Russell D Hull, MBBS, MSc - Research Support: Aventis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Emisphere Technologies, Leo Pharma, Pharmacia
Arif Hussain, MD - Aventis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, Pfizer
Ami E Iskandrian, MD - Research support: BMS, Amersham, Brallo, Pfizer, Berlex
Elliot Israel, MD - Research support/consulting: Alkermis; Amgen; Eli Lilly & Company; Genentech; Glaxo Wellcome, Inc; Merck & Co., Inc; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Schering-Plough Company.
Allan Jacobs, MD - Pharmacia
Allan S Jaffe, MD - Consultant: Beckra, Dode-Behring. Research funding: Dode-Behring.
Lois Jovanovic, MD - Grants for research, Consultant, Speaker's Bureau: Novo-Nordisk; Eli Lilly; MiniMed/Metronic; LifeScan; Roche; Pfizer; Glaxo Smith Kline; Aventis
Robin M Joyce, MD - Research support: Bristol Myers Squibb Oncology
Peter J Kahrilas, MD - Speaker's Bureau and Consultant: AstraZeneca, TAP, Janssen
Emil Kakkis, MD, PhD - BioMarin Pharmaceutical
Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, MD, MPH - Unrestricted research grant: Amgen, Inc.
Sheldon L Kaplan, MD - Grant: Roche; Pharmacia; Aventis Consultant: Pharmacia
Scott E Kasner, MD - Speaker's bureau: Genentech
Horacio Kaufmann, MD - Roberts Pharmaceuticals
Michael J Keating, MB, BS - Grant/Research Support: Berlex, Genentech, Millennium; Consultant: Berlex, Millennium; Speaker's Bureau: Berlex
Ciar‡n P Kelly, MD - Speaker's bureau: TAP Pharmaceuticals, Astra-Hellas. Consultant: Biocodex, GelTex Pharmaceuticals. Research support: Biocodex, Acambis, Janssen Pharmaceutica.
Morton J Kern, MD - Endosonics
Edward Keystone, MD - Research: Amgen, Ares-Serono, Bayer, Bristol-Myers, Squibb, CellTech, Centocor, Dupont, Fujisawa, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Hoffman-La Roche, Immunex, Knoll, Merk Frosst, Novartis Canada, Proctor Gamble, QLT Phototherapeutics, Sanofi, Schering Plough, Searle Canada, GlaxoSmithKline, Therakos. Consultant/Advisory Board: Angiogenesis, AstraZeneca Bayer, CellTech, Centocor, Generex, Hoffman-La Roche, Immunex, Knoll, Leukosite, Medexus, Novartis Canada, Pfizer Canada, QLT Phototherapeutics, Schering Plough, Searle Canada, GlaxoSmithKline, Vasogen, Vertex, Wyeth Ayerst. Speaker: Centocor, Hoffman-La Roche, Merck Forsst, Novartis Canada, Pfizer Canada, Schering Plough, Searle Canada, Wyeth Ayerst.
Peter Kirkbride, MD - Glaxo Wellcome
Daniel Kolansky, MD - Merck; Searle
Kris Kowdley, MD, FACP - Research grant support: Axcan PharmaceuticalsSpeakers bureau: Axcan Pharmaceuticals
Neil Kramer, MD - Consultant: Johnson & Johnson, Merck.
Robert A Kyle, MD - Consultant: Roche, NeoRx, Celgene, AEterna Honoraria: OrthoBioTec; Novartis
Geralyn Lambert-Messerlian, PhD - Diagnostic Systems Laboratories
Carol A Langford, MD, MHS - Principal Investigator for trial, study drug provided by Immunex Corp.
Richard A Larson, MD - Research grants and consultancies from: Wyeth Ayerst, Novartis, Ortho Biotech, Eli Lilly, Genta, Glaxo Wellcome, Shire.
Dennis K Ledford, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Astra Zeneca; Aventis; Boehringer Ingelheim; Glaxo SICF; Mercic; Schering-Key; Novartis; 3M
Matthew R Leibowitz, MD - Glaxo/Smith/Kline: Unrestricted educational grant
Robert F Lemanske, Jr, MD - Speaker Honoraria: Merck, GlaxoSmithKline
Paul A Levine, MD - Medical Director-St. Jude Medical Cardiac Rhythm Management Division, manufacturer of pacemakers and ICDs
Rogerio C Lilenbaum, MD - Research support/Speaker's bureau: GlaxoSmithKline; Aventis
Charles H Livengood, MD - Research/CME lecturer support: 3M, Merck, Glaxo, Pfizer, Pharmacia.
Anna SF Lok, MD - Research support: Amgen; Roche; Schering; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Gilead; Glaxo SmithKline; Nabi; NovirioConsultant: Glaxo SmithKline; Gilead; Triangle; Chiron; Novirio.
Shari Lusskin, MD - Wyeth Ayerst, Pfizer, Eli Lilly
Richard P MacDermott, MD - Speaker's bureau: Proctor & Gamble, Centecor
Lionel Mailloux, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Amgen, Merck, Pfizer; Grant support: Amgen
RN Maini, BA, MB BChir, FRCP - Centocor (served on Speaker's Bureau, PI for clinical trials of infliximab); Schering-Plough (Speaker's Bureau); Boehringer Ingleheim (consultant on drug development); Chugai (consultant, PI for IL-6 receptor antibody trial); AstraZeneca (consultant)
Barry Make, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim,GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis; Research grants: BioTechnology General, Boehringer-Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer; Advisory Board: Astra Zeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim; Centocor, GlaxoSmithKline; Invesco, ResMed
Christos Mantzoros, MD - Research support/Advisory panels: Novartis; Amgen; Takeda; Merck
Joel B Mason, MD - Consultant: Mead-Johnson Nutritionals
Lloyd Mayer, MD - Speakers Bureau: Centecor
Iain B McInnes, MRCP, PhD - Consultant on Advisory Panel: Schering PloughTARGET Teaching Panel: Amgen
Shlomo Melmed, MD - Consultant/Speaker/Research grants: Novartis, Pharmacia, IpsenResearch grants/Advisory Board: Lilly
Geno J Merli, MD, FACP - Aventis; Astra-Zenecca; Dupont; McNeil
Christopher A Meyer, MD - Marconi Medical Systems, Inc.
Brent W Miller, MD - Speaker's bureau: Novartis, Amgen.
Shaila Misri, MD - GlaxoSmithKlino; Pharmacia & Upjohn
Merrill M Mitler, PhD - Cephalon, Orphan Medical, Novartis, Pharmacia.
Emile R Mohler, III, MD - Speaker's Bureau: BMS, Sanofi, Merck, Pfizer, Otsuka; Clinical Research Grant: Merck, Pfizer; Consultant: AstraZeneca
Thomas P Monath, MD - Acambis, Inc (officer)
Barbara E Murray, MD - Grant/Research support: Bayer, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Pfizer, Abbott, Schering, NIH; Consultant: Abbott, Daiichi Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Schering, Wyeth-Ayerst, Astra-Zeneca, TAPS, Merck, Hoechst Marion Roussel; Lecture Sponsorship: Merck, Roche, Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutica, Pfizer, Wyeth-Ayerst, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer
Sonia Nagy, MD - Research support: Merck
Allen R Nissenson, MD - Consultant and Research support: Amgen; Watson Pharmaceuticals
Paul M OÕByrne, MB - Consultant: AstraZeneca; GlaxoWellcome; Byk Canada; Merck Frosst; Avertis. Research support: AstraZeneca; GlaxoWellcome; Genentech; Merck Frosst; Bayer.
Christopher M OÕConnor, MD - AHA; Am. Soc. of Health System Pharmacists; Astra; Astra Merck; Bayer; Boehringer Ingelheim; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Cardiologic Systems; Cypros; Duke; DuPont; DuPont Merck; Genentech; GlaxoSmithKline; Hewlett Packard; Hoechst Marion Roussel; Intercardia; KOS; Medtronic; Merck; Natl. Heart Lung & Blood Institute; NIMH; Norvartis; Otsuka-America; Parke-Davis; Pepper Foundation; Pfizer; Rhone-Poulenc Rorer; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; Roche; Sanofi; Searle; Summit Medical; SurVivalink; Upjohn; Vanguard Medical Concepts; Vasomedical; Vetrens Admin.; Wyeth-Ayerst
Liza C OÕDowd, MD - Employee: Astra Zeneca
Joyce O'Shaughnessy, MD - Roche, Aventis, Lilly, Ortho Biotech
William F Owen, MD - Ortho Biotech Early Renal Disease Advisory Board; Amgen Renal Research Advisory Board; Schein Pharmaceuticals research support; Am. Regent research support
Roberta A Pagon, MD - "I receive grant support from NIH and HRSA for GeneClinics and GeneTests, both of which are cited in my contribution."
Paul Palevsky, MD - Grant support: Gambro.
Mark S Pasternack, MD - Speaker's honorarium: Merck; Regional Consultant: GlaxoSmithKline
David F Penson, MD - Research support: Pfizer. Consultant: Astra Zeneca. Speaker's bureau: Boehringer Ingelheim
Mark A Peppercorn, MD - Speakers' Bureau: Solvay, Proctor & Gamble, Astra-Zeneca, Salix, Lentcor.
Ora H Pescovitz, MD - Research Support/Honoraria/Consulting: AstraZeneca; Biotechnology General Corporation; Eli Lilly & Co.; Genentech; Merck; Novo-Nordisk; Pharmacia-Upjohn; Roberts Pharmaceuticals; Serono; TAP Pharmaceuticals; Wyeth-Ayerst; Closer Look: Honorarium in 1995-1996 for development of a movie on Precocious Puberty; Indiana Weight Watchers: 1994-1997 program received support to develop a program for childhood obesity.
Michael Pichichero, MD - Abbott; Bristol Myers Squibb; Eli Lilly Co.; GlaxoSmithKline; Merck & Co; Pasteur Merieux Connaugh; Pfizer; Pharmacia Upjohn; Schering; Wyeth-Lederle
Ileana L Pina, MD - Consultant: Sanofi; Speaker's Bureau: Sanofi, Merck, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca
Graham F Pineo, MD - Research Support: Dupont, Emisphere Technologies, Leo PharmaceuticalsConsultant/Advisory Board: Pharmacia Corp, Adventis, Sanofi
Jeffrey L Platt, MD - Nextran
Thomas Platts-Mills, MD, PhD - Head Scientific Advisor Committee: Allergy Control Products
Kathleen I Pritchard, MD - Aventis, AstraZeneca, Hoffman LaRoche, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Ortho-Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Aventis, Amgen, Liposome, Inc.
Lawrence G Raisz, MD - Research and/or consulting: Merck, Colgate, P&G, Pfizer, Lilly, Eisai, Mission Pharmacal, Chugai, Pharmacia.
K Rajender Reddy, MD - Speaker: Schering Plough, Roche. Consultant: Amgen, Roche.
Mary Kathryn Reeves-HochŽ, PhD - Own 110 shares in Respironics, Inc, Murrysville, PA. Work for Aventis Pasteur, Inc, Swiftwater, PA.
Stephen I Rennard, MD - Grant and clinical trial support: AstraZeneca; Bayer; Boehringer Ingelheim; Glaxo SmithKline; Novartis; Pfizer; Pharmacia & Upjohn; RJ Reynolds; RocheConsultant: AstraZeneca; Aventis Behring; Bayer; Boehringer Ingelheim; Fibrogen; Glaxo SmithKline; Mitsubishi; Novartis; RJ Reynolds; Roche; SankyoSpeaker: AstraZeneca; Boehringer Ingelheim; Campbell's Soup; Fibogen; Glaxo SmithKline; Novartis
John T Repke, MD - Consultant: GlaxoSmithKine Consumer Healthcare
Jurgen F Riemann, MD, PhD - AstraZeneca, Essex, Roche
Alan D Rogol, MD, PhD - Employee and shareholder: Insmed, Inc.; CME Instructor: Pharmacia
Richard K Root, MD - Consultant/Previous Investigator: Amgen
James Rosenbaum, MD - Centocor: PI on clinical trial of remicade (infliximab) in the treatment of uveitis. Baush & Lomb: PS on clinical trial of fluocinolone implants to treat uveitis.
Robert S Rosenson, MD - Speaker's bureau: Abbott, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kos, LipoMed, Merck, Pfizer; Research grants: Abbott, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kos, Merck, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, Takeda; Scientific Advisory Board: LipoMed
Douglas S Ross, MD - Genzyme
Lewis J Rubin, MD - Consultant: Glaxo-Wellcome, Schering, Actelion, United Therapeutics
Robert Rubin, MD, FACP, FCCP - research and education support--Pfizer; Bristol Myers-Squibb; Roche; Merck;
Bruce A Runyon, MD - Hoechst; Astra
Seward B Rutkove, MD - Consultant: Neurometrix, Inc.
Thomas J Ryan, MD - Stock: SmithKline, Merck
Richard I Rynes, MD - Sanofi-Wenthrop
Kenneth Saag, MD, ScM - Consultant/speaker: Merck, Proctor & Gamble, Lilly. Grants: Merck, Lilly.
Paul Saenger, MD - Pharmacia Upjohn; Serono
Steven A Sahn, MD - Specialty Health Care of America (Advisor); Boehringer Ingelheim (COPD Advisory Board)
Richard Sampliner, MD - Research grant: Janssen
Mark H Sanders, MD - Scientific consultant and Speakers Bureau: Respironics, Inc. Co-investor of BiPAP, Respironics, Inc.
Richard J Santen, MD - Medical advisory board, Lilly Corporation; Consultant, Novartis.
Oliver A Sartor, MD - Advisory Board: Berlex Pharmaceuticals
Diane MF Savarese, MD - UpToDate
Marty Sawaya, MD - Pharmacia & Upjohn; Merck & Co
Leslie A Saxon, MD - Research Support: Guident Corp.; Medtronic Inc.; St. Jude Medical
Richard J Schanler, MD - Research support: Bristol Myers/Mead Johnson. Speakers bureau: Ross Laboratories.
Michael X Schatz, MD, MS - Research support: AstraZeneca, Aventis, Merck. Speakers bureau: AstraZeneca, Merck.
Sidney H Schnoll, MD, PhD - Speaker/Consultant: Purdue Fredricks. Consultant/Grant: Ortho-McNeil; Rexane
Paul C Schroy, MD - Phase 1 clinical trial, Exact Sciences, Inc.
Steve J Schwab, MD - Medical advisory board: Gambro, Inc; Amgen, Inc.
Marvin I Schwarz, MD - Lecturer: Intermune
H. Russell Searight, PhD - Eli Lily - research support for clinical trials
Ann Secord, MD, CDR, MC, USN - The views expressed in Dr. Secord's topic review are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the United States Government.
Dan K Seilheimer, MD - Genentech
Daniel J Sexton, MD - Consultant: Pfizer, Merck; Grant support: Merck, Aventis, Pharmacia, Roche
Jay Shapiro, MD - Genelogic Corp; Merck
Amy D Shapiro, MD - Clinical research studies: Baxter BioScience, Genetics Institute/Wyeth-Ayerst, Novo Nordisk. Speakers' bureau: Genetics Institute/Wyeth-Ayerst, Novo Nordisk, Aventis Behring. Educational endowment/CD-rom project: Baxter BioScience.
Richard J Shemin, MD - Consultant to Heartport, Baxter
Steven I Sherman, MD - Research support: Genzyme
Robert H Shmerling, MD - Intelihealth - part-time employee, salary support, senior editor, consumer health information
Lee S Simon, MD - Consultant, Investigator, Speaker: Pharmacia/Pfizer. Consultant, Speaker: Merck. Consultant, Investigator: Torrent, Astra-Zeneca. Consultant: Wyeth.
Richard H Simon, MD - Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb
Arthur T Skarin, MD - Lecturer: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Aventis, Eli Lilly, Glaxo.
Peter J Snyder, MD - Research Support: Eli Lilly, Cellegy, Unimed; Consultant: Eli Lilly
Jack D Sobel, MD - Research support from: Pfizer Pharmaceuticals; 3M Pharmaceuticals; KV Pharmaceuticals
David H Spach, MD - Honoraria for lectures: Pfizer, Roche
Richard F Spark, MD, FACE - Consultant: Eli Lilly; Auxillium; StrakanResearch support: Eli Lilly; Unimed-Solvay; Pfizer; SmithKline; OrganonSpeakers Bureau: Pfizer; Unimed-Solvay; SmithKline
Stuart J Spechler, MD - Grant support: Wyeth-Ayerst. Speaker's bureau: TAP, Janssen, AstraZeneca
Irving M Spitz, MD - Paid consultant for TAP Pharmaceuticals
Martin G St John Sutton, FRCP - Consultant: Medtronic
Walter E Stamm, MD - Research support/Consultant: Procter & Gamble, Ortho-McNeil, Bayer
James H Stein, MD - Speaker's bureau and research funding: Kos Pharmaceuticals
JŸrgen Stein, MD, PhD - Principal Investigator: Essex
Robert S Stern, MD - Roche; Searle; Pfizer
David K Stevenson, MD - Natus Medical Inc.-Consultant
Elizabeth A Stewart, MD - Consultant: TAP Pharmaceuticals, TXSonics.
James K Stoller, MD - Research support: Alpha Therapeutics, Bayer.
Thomas G Stovall, MD, MBA - HealthyMe.MD, Health Communications, Inc.
Vibeke Strand, MD - Alexion; Alza; Amgen; Astra Zeneca; Biogen; Boeringer Ingelheim; Cypress Biosciences, Inc.; DuPont; Glaxo Wellcome; Hoffman LaRoche; Hoechst Marion Roussel; Icos; Immune Response Corp; Janssen; Knoll; Eli Lilly; Medarex; Neurovir; Novartis; Pfizer; Procter and Gamble; RWJ Pharmaceutical Res Inst; Scios; Schering Plough; Searle; Vertex; Centocor
Patrick J Strollo, Jr, MD - Respironics (speaker Biauron(?))
Alan M Sugar, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Pfizer, Fujisawa, Merck; Research Support: Schering-Plough
SStanley J Szefler, MD - Consultant: Astra-Zeneca, Glaxo-Smith-Klein
Paul P Tak, MD, PhD - Ares-Serono; Astra Zeneca; Centocor; Pfizer; Biogen; Chromos
Ann Taylor, MD - Pfizer
Ayalew Tefferi, MD - Research Support --> Celgene, Sheie, Novartis
Brian L Tiep, MD - Consultant: CHAD Therapeutics
Raymond R Townsend, MD - Clinical study grant: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck. Speaker's bureau: Merck.
George Triadafilopoulos, MD - Curon Medical, Inc.
Elbert P Trulock, MD - Consultant: Bayer Pharmaceutical Research/CME Support: Wyeth Ayerst Pharmaceutical; Fujisawa Pharmaceutical
Theodore F Tsai, MD - Wyeth Lederle Vaccines
Jon A Vanderhoof, MD - Consultant: Conagra, Research grant: Wyeth
John P Vella, MB, MRCPI, MD - Research support: Roche Pharmaceuticals
Alan Venook , MD - Speaker's Bureau: Pharmacia; RocheResearch support: Medtronics; Ribozyme Pharmaceutical, Inc.; Ferx
Robert A Vescio, MD - Research Support: Novartis; Millenium; Celgene
Nicholas J Vogelzang, MD - Consultant/research support: Eli LillyResearch support: Aventis
Everett E Vokes, MD - Bristol Myer Squibb; Lilly; ImClone Systems, Inc.
Arnold Wald, MD - Research support: Regeneron; Novartis
W Allan Walker, MD - Wyeth Ayerst, Mead Johnson, Dannon
J Woodrow Weiss, MD - Medical Advisory Board, Resmed, Inc.
Neil J Weissman, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Boston Scientific
William C Welch, MD - Consultant: EBI, SulzerSpine Tech, CAST, STAG
Nanette K Wenger, MD - Research grants/Contracts: Wyeth Ayerst; DuPont; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company. Consultantship: Eli Lilly Raloxifine Advisory Committee; U.S. Heart Failure Advisory Council; GlaxoSmithKline; National Advisory Board, Anticoagulation Therapy; DuPont Pharma; Heart Disease in Women, MED-ED, Parke-Davis; Coalition for the Advancement of Cardiovascular Health (COACH), MED-ED, Parke-Davis; Cardiology Board, Merck; Women's Cardiology Advisory Board, DuPont Pharmaceuticals; Consultant, Women First Healthcare, Inc. Speaker's Bureau: Hoechst-Marion-Roussel; Pfizer; DuPont; Searle; Merck; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Wyeth Ayerst; Parke-Davis; Eli Lilly and Company.Data Safety Monitoring Boards: Procter & Gamble; Knoll Pharmaceuticals; Warner-Lambert Company (Parke-Davis) and Pfizer.
Michael L West, BSc, MD, FACP, FRCPC - Support for clinical trials: Transkaryotic Therapies, Inc.
James Whitehouse, - Speakers' Bureau: Beecham, Ortho-McNeil, Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Schering.
Jean D Wilson, MD - Common stock: Merck, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lily, ScheringPlough
Deborah A Wing, MD - Bristol-Meyers-SQUIBB - InvestigatorPhase V Communications/Forest P /Speaker
Eric T Wittbrodt, PharmD - Educational Consultant: Pharmacia; Speaker's Bureau: Lilly; Contract research: Abbott
M Michael Wolfe, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Wyeth-Ayerst Research Support: Astra Zeneca; TAP
Marsha Wolfson, MD - Medical Director, Baxter Health Care, Renal Division
R John Wright, MD - Stryker Howmedica Osteonics - Consultant for total knee replacement
James L Zehnder, MD - Consultant: GlaxoSmithKline. Advisory board: Hemosense.
Jonathan M Zenilman, MD - Speaker's Bureau: Pfizer Consultant: Cytyc Corp
Douglas P Zipes, MD - Consultant: Medtronic, Janssen, Procter & Gamble
Huda Y Zoghbi, MD - Scientific Advisory Board: Merck Co-founder: EnVivo Pharmaceuticals
Burton Zweiman, MD - Consultant: Pfizer, Aventis