SQUALENE ADJUVANT TOXICITY IN ANIMALS

I. SQUALENE ADJUVANT TOXICITY IN ANIMALS

1. Whitehouse MW, Orr KJ, Beck FW, Pearson CM {Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California}, Freund’s Adjuvants: Relationship of Arthritogenicity and Adjuvanticity in Rats to Vehicle Composition, Immunology (1974) Aug;27(2)311-30;

2. Beck FW, Whitehouse MW {Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California}, I. Drug sensitivity of rat adjuvant arthritis, induced with "adjuvants" containing no mineral oil components, Proceediings off tthe Sociietty ffor Experiimenttall Biiollogy and Mediiciine,, ((1974)) Jull;;146((3))::665--9;;

3. Beck FW, Whitehouse MW, Pearson CM{Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California}, Improvements for consistently inducing experimental allergic encelphalomyelitis (EAE) in rats: I. without using mycobacterium. II. inoculating encephalitogen into the ear, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (1976) Mar;151(3):615-22;

4. Kohashi O, Pearson CM {Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California}, Arthritogenicity of Mycobacterium smegmatis subfractions, related to different oil vehicle and different composition, International Archives of Allergy Applied Immunology (1976);51(4):462-70;

5. Beck FW, Whitehouse MW {Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California and Department of Experimental Pathology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra A.C.T. 2600, Australia}, Modifications in the Establishment of Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Rats; an Improved Assay for Immunosuppressant Drugs, Agents Actions (1976) July;6(4):460-7; 6. Zamma T {Department of Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, 466 Japan}, Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in the Temporomandibular Joint of Rats, Infection and Immunity March 1983;39(3), pg. 1291-1299;

7. Johnston BA, Eisen H, Fry D {Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington}, An Evaluation of Several Adjuvant Emulsion WithoutConsent – Confidential Gary Matsumoto 2 Regimens for the Production of Polyclonal Antisera in Rabbits, Laboratory Animal Science (1991) Jan;41(1):15-21;

8. Lipman NS, Trudel LJ, Murphy JC, Sahali Y {Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139}, Comparison of Immune Response Potentiation and In Vivo Inflammatory Effects of Freund’s and RIBI Adjuvants in Mice, Laboratory Animal Science (1992) April;42(2):193-7;

9. Leenaars PP, Hendriksen CF, Angulo AF, Koedam MA, Claasen E {National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands}, Evaluation of several adjuvants as alternatives to the use of Freund’s adjuvant in rabbits, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology (1994) Mar;40(3):225-41;

10. Leenaars M, Koedam MA, Hendriksen CF, Claassen E {National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands}, Immune responses and side effects of five different oil-based adjuvants in mice, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology (1998) Feb 27;61(2-4):291-304;

11. Leenaars PP, Koedam MA, Ester PW, Baumans V, Claassen E, Hendriksen CF {National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands}, Assessment of side effects induced by injection of different adjuvant/antigen combinations in rabbits and mice, Laboratory Animals (1998) Oct;32(4):387-406;

12. Kleinau S, Erlandsson H, Klareskog L {Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden}, Percutaneous exposure of adjuvant oil causes arthritis in DA rats, Clinical Experimental Immunology (1994) May;96(2):281-4. (*Refers to olive oil, which contains squalene);

13. Yoshino S, Yoshino J {Rheumatology Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia}, Recruitment of pathogenic T cells to synovial tissues of rats injected intraarticularly with nonspecific agents, Cellular Immunology (1994) October 15;158(2):305-13;

14. Smialek M, Gajkowska B, Ostrowski RP, Piotrowski P {Department of Neuropathology and Laboratory of the Ultrastructure of the Nervous System, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland}, Experimental squalene encephaloneuropathy in the rat, Folia Neuropathologica (1997);35(4):262-4;

15. Gajkowska B, Smialek M, Ostrowski RP, Piotrowski P, Frontczak-Baniewicz M {The Laboratory of the Ultrastructure of the Nervous System, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland}, The experimental squalene encephaloneuropathy in the rat, Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology (1999) January; 5:75- 80;

16. Lorentzen JC {Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden}, Identification of arthritogenic WithoutConsent – Confidential Gary Matsumoto 3 adjuvants of self and foreign origin, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology (1999) Jan;49(1):45-50;

17. Carlson BC, Jannson AM, Larsson A, Bucht A, Lorentzen JC {Department of Medicinee, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden}, The endogenous adjuvant squalene can induce a chronic T-cell-mediated arthritis in rats, American Journal of Pathology (2000) Jun:156(6):2057-65; 18. Holm BC, Zu HW, Jacobsson L, Larson A, Luthman H, Lorentzen JC {Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden), Rats made congenic for Oia3 on chromosome 10 become susceptible to squaleneinduced arthritis, Human Molecular Genetics (2001) Mar 215;10(6):565- 72;

19. Holmdahl R, Lorentzen JC, Lu S, Olofsson P, Wester L., Holmberg J, Pettersson U, {Section of Medical Inflammation Research, Lund University, Sweden}. Arthritis induced in rats with nonimmunogenic adjuvants as models for rheumatoid arthritis, Immunological Reviews (2001) Dec;184:184-202;

20. Holm BC, Svelander L, Bucht A, Lorentzen JC {Department of Medicine, Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm and Department of Medical Countermeasures, Division of NBC Defense, Defense Research Agency, Umea, Sweden}, The arthritogenic adjuvant squalene does not accumulate in joints, but gives rise to pathogenic cells in both draining and non-draining lymph nodes, Clinical and Experimental Immunology (2002) Mar;127(3):430-5;

21. Whitehouse MW, Beck FWJ, Matsumoto G {Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia; Wayne States University Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.}, Squalene is an Auto Toxicant Inducing Polyarthritis in Rats and Immunopathies in Man, Abstract, The Australian Health and Medical Congress 2002, no. 1143;

22. Gherardi RK {Groupe Nerf-Muscle, Departement de Pathologie, Hopital Henri Mondor, Creteil}, Lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis: towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome, Revue Neurologique (Paris), (2003) Feb;159(2):162-4;

23. Backdahl L, Ribbihammar U, Lorentzen JC {Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm}, Mapping and functional characterization of rat chromosome 4 regions that regulate arthritis models and phenotypes in congenic strains, Arthritis and Rheumatism (2003) Feb;48(2):551-9;

24. Yeom MJ, Lee HC, Kim GH, Shim I, Lee HJ, Hahm DH {Department of Oriental Medical Science, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Korea}, Therapeutic effects of Hominis placenta injection into an acupuncture point on the inflammatory responses in subchondral bone region of adjuvant-induced polyarthritic rat, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (2003) Oct;26(10):1472-7; WithoutConsent – Confidential Gary Matsumoto 4

25. Satoh M, Kuroda Y, Yoshida H, Behney KM, Mizutani A, Akaogi J, Nacionales DC, Lorenson TD, Rosenbauer RJ, Reeves WH {Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville}, Induction of lupus autoantibodies by adjuvants, Journal of Autoimmunity (2003) Aug;21(1):1-9; 26. Kuroda Y, Akaogi J, Nacionales DC, Wasdo SC, Szabo NJ, Reeves WH, Satoh M {Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville}, Distinctive Patterns of Autoimmune Response Induced by Different Types of Mineral Oil, Toxicological Sciences (2004) Apr;78(2):222-228;

27. Kuroda Y, Nacionales DC, Akaogi J, Reeves WH, Satoh M {Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville}, Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (2004), Jun;(58)5:325-37;

28. Holm BC, Lorentzen JC, Bucht A {Diabetes Research, Immunology Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmo University Hospital, Stockholm}, Adjuvant oil induces waves of arthritogenic lymph node cells prior to arthritis onset, Clinical and Experimental Immunology (2004) Jul;137(1):59-64;

29. Kuroda Y, Ono N, Akaogi J, Nacionales DC, Yamasaki Y, Barker TT, Reeves WH, Satoh M, Induction of lupus-related specific autoantibodies by non-specific inflammation caused by an intraperitoneal injection of n-hexadecane in BALB/mice, Toxicology (2006), Feb 1; 218(2-3): pgs. 186-98; 30. Guo JP, Bäekdahl L, Marta M, Mathsson L, Rönnelid J, Lorentzen JC, Profound and Paradoxical Impact on Arthritis and Autoimmunity of the Rat Antigen-Presenting Lectin-like Receptor Complex, Arthritis & Rheumatism May 2008, 58(5):pgs.1343-1353.