Citations re electromagnetic radiation
Disease citations re electromagnetic radiation (animal & human)
EMR Bibliography http://www.safe-habitat.com/emr/emrlinks.html
Studies reporting biological effects of radio frequency radiation (RFR) at
low intensities
Compiled by Henry Lai, Ph.D., Research Professor in Bioengineering at the
University of Washington
(1) Balode (1996)- blood cells from cows from a farm close and in front of a radar showed significantly higher level of severe genetic damage.
A six-fold increase in chromosome damage in cows exposed to a likely maximum intensity of 0.1m W/cm2. The Physiological and Environmental Effects of Non-ionising Electromagnetic Radiation by G.J. Hyland
(2) Boscol et al. (2001)- RFR from radio transmission stations (0.005 mW/cm2) affects immunological system in women.
(3) Chiang et al. (1989)- people lived and worked near radio antennae and radar installations showed deficits in psychological and short-term memory tests.
(4) De Pomerai et al. (2000, 2002) reported an increase in a molecular stress response in cells after exposure to a RFR at a SAR of 0.001 W/kg. This stress response is a basic biological process that is present in almost all animals -- including humans.
(5) D'Inzeo et al. (1988)- very low intensity RFR (0.002 - 0.004 mW/cm2) affects the operation of acetylcholine-related ion-channels in cells. These channels play important roles in physiological and behavioral functions.
(6) Dolk et al. (1997)- a significant increase in adult leukemia was found in residence who lived near the Sutton Coldfield television (TV) and frequency modulation (FM) radio transmitter in England.
(7) Dutta et al. (1989) reported an increase in calcium efflux in cells after exposure to RFR at 0.005 W/kg. Calcium is an important component of normal cellular functions.
(8) Fesenko et al. (1999) reported a change in immunological functions in mice after exposure to RFR at a power density of 0.001 mw/cm2.
(9) Hjollund et al. (1997)- sperm counts of Danish military personnel, who operated mobile ground-to-air missile units that use several RFR emitting radar systems (maximal mean exposure 0.01 mw/cm2), were significantly low compared to references.
(10) Hocking et al. (1996)- an association was found between increased childhood leukemia incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers.
(11) Ivaschuk et al. (1999)- short-term exposure to cellular phone RFR of very low intensity affected a gene related to cancer.
(12) Kolodynski and Kolodynska (1996)- school Children lived in front of a radio station had less developed memory and attention, their reaction time was slower, and their neuromuscular apparatus endurance was decreased.
(13) Lebedeva et al. (2000)- brain wave activation was observed in human subjects exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.06 mw/cm2.
(14) Magras and Xenos (1999) reported a decrease in reproductive function in mice exposed to RFR at power densities of 0.000168 - 0.001053 mw/cm2.
(15) Mann et al. (1998)- a transient increase in blood cortisol was observed in human subjects exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.02 mw/cm2. Cortisol is a hormone involved in stress reaction.
(16) Michelozzi et al. (1998)- leukemia mortality within 3.5 km (5,863 inhabitants) near a high power radio-transmitter in a peripheral area of Rome was higher than expected.
(17) Navakatikian and Tomashevskaya (1994)- RFR at low intensities (0.01-0.1 mw/cm2; 0.0027- 0.027 W/kg) induced behavioral and endocrine changes in rats. Decreases in blood concentrations of testosterone and insulin were reported.
(18) Novoselova et al. (1999)-low intensity RFR (0.001 mw/cm2) affects functions of the immune system.
(19) Persson et al. (1997) reported an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in mice exposed to RFR at 0.0004 -0.008 W/kg. The blood-brain barrier envelops the brain and protects it from toxic substances.
(20) Phillips et al. (1998) reported DNA damage in cells exposed to RFR at SAR of 0.0024 - 0.024 W/kg.
(21) Schwartz et al. (1990)- calcium movement in the heart affected by RFR at SAR of 0.00015 W/kg. Calcium is important in muscle contraction. Changes in calcium can affect heart functions.
(22) Somosy et al. (1991)- RFR at 0.024 W/kg caused molecular and structural changes in cells of mouse embryos.
(23) Stagg et al. (1997)- glioma cells exposed to cellular phone RFR at 0.0059 W/kg showed significant increases in thymidine incorporation, which may be an indication of an increase in cell division.
(24) Stark et al. (1997)- a two- to seven-fold increase of salivary melatonin concentration was observed in dairy cattle exposed to RFR from a radio transmitter antenna.
(25) Tattersall et al. (2001)- low-intensity RFR (0.0016-0.0044 W/kg) can modulate the function of a part of the brain called the hippocampus, in the absence of gross thermal effects. The changes in excitability may be consistent with reported behavioral effects of RFR, since the hippocampus is involved in learning and memory.
(26) Velizarov et al. (1999) showed a decrease in cell proliferation (division) after exposure to RFR of 0.000021-0.0021 W/kg.
(27) Veyret et al. (1991)- low intensity RFR at SAR of 0.015 W/kg affects functions of the immune system.
(28) Wolke et al. (1996)- RFR at 0.001W/kg affects calcium concentration in heart muscle cells of guinea pigs.
Source of literature and abstracts:
(2) Boscol P, Di Sciascio MB, D'Ostilio S, Del Signore A, Reale M, Conti P, Bavazzano P, Paganelli R, DI Gioacchino M. Effects of electromagnetic fields produced by radiotelevision broadcasting stations on the immune system of women. Sci Total Environ 273(1-3):1-10, 2001.
The object of this study was to investigate the immune system of 19 women with a mean age of 35 years, for at least 2 years (mean = 13 years) exposed to electromagnetic fields (ELMFs) induced by radiotelevision broadcasting stations in their residential area. In September 1999, the ELMFs (with range 500 KHz-3 GHz) in the balconies of the homes of the women were (mean +/- S.D.) 4.3 +/- 1.4 V/m. Forty-seven women of similar age, smoking habits and atopy composed the control group, with a nearby resident ELMF exposure of < 1.8 V/m. Blood lead and urinary trans-trans muconic acid (a metabolite of benzene), markers of exposure to urban traffic, were higher in the control women. The ELMF exposed group showed a statistically significant reduction of blood NK CD16+-CD56+, cytotoxic CD3(-)-CD8+, B and NK activated CD3(-)-HLA-DR+ and CD3(-)-CD25+ lymphocytes. 'In vitro' production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the ELMF exposed group, incubated either with or without phytohaemoagglutinin (PHA), was significantly lower; the 'in vitro' production of IL-2 was significantly correlated with blood CD16+-CD56+ lymphocytes. The stimulation index (S.I.) of blastogenesis (ratio between cell proliferation with and without PHA) of PBMC of ELMF exposed women was lower than that of the control subjects. The S.I. of blastogenesis of the ELMF exposed group (but not blood NK lymphocytes and the 'in vitro' production of IL-2 and INF-gamma by PBMC) was significantly correlated with the ELMF levels. Blood lead and urinary trans-trans muconic acid were barely correlated with immune parameters: the urinary metabolite of benzene of the control group was only correlated with CD16+-CD56+ cells indicating a slight effect of traffic on the immune system. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that high frequency ELMFs reduce cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of women without a dose-response effect.
(3) Chiang H, Yao GD, Fang QS, Wang KQ, Lu DZ, Zhou YK, Health effects of environmental electromagnetic fields. J. Bioelectricity 8:127-131, 1989.
We investigated the effects of exposure to environmental electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in 1170 subjects. Neutrophil phagocytosis was enhanced in the low-intensity exposure groups, but reduced significantly at relatively higher intensities. Visual reaction time was prolonged and the scores of short-term memory tests were lower in some high-intensity exposure groups. EMFs may affect the central nervous and immune systems in man.
(4) de Pomerai D, Daniells C, David H, Allan J, Duce I, Mutwakil M, Thomas D, Sewell P, Tattersall J, Jones D, Candido P, Non-thermal heat-shock response to microwaves, Nature 405:417-418, 2000.
Nematode worms (C. elegans) exposed overnight to 750-MHz microwaves at a SAR of 0.001 W/kg showed an increased in heat shock proteins (HSPs). (Heat shock proteins are induced in most organisms by adverse conditions (such as heat or toxins) that cause damage to cellular proteins, acting as molecular chaperones to rescue damaged proteins). The authors give several arguments that the microwave-induced effect on HSPs is non-thermal and suggest that 'current exposure limits for microwave equipment may need to be reconsidered.'
de Pomerai DI, Dawe A, Djerbib L, Allan, Brunt G, Daniellshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/
- aff1 C. Growth and maturation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans following
exposure to weak microwave fields. Enzyme Microbial Tech 30:73-79, 2002.
Prolonged exposure to weak microwave fields (750¯1000 MHz, 0.5 W) at 25°C
induces a heat-shock response in transgenic C. elegans strains carrying hsp16
reporter genes [1]. A comparable response to heat alone requires a substantially
higher temperature of 28°C, suggesting that microwave heating of worms or of the
system as a whole might provide a sufficient explanation, although this can be
ruled out by indirect arguments [1]. Here we investigate two further biological
consequences of prolonged microwave exposure at 25°C in synchronised cultures of
wild-type worm larvae, namely alterations in (i) growth rate (GR) and (ii) the
proportion of worms later maturing into egg-bearing adults (MP). Both of these
parameters are significantly increased following microwave exposure (GR by
8¯11%, and MP by 28¯40%), whereas both are significantly decreased (GR by 10%
and MP almost abolished) after mild heat treatment at 28°C for the same period.
It follows that the biological consequences of microwave exposure are opposite
to, and therefore incompatible with, those attributable to mild heating. This
evidence does not in itself necessitate a non-thermal mechanism, but does
eliminate explanations that invoke the bulk heating of tissues by microwaves.
This latter, however, remains the sole basis for current regulations governing
microwave exposure.
(5) D'Inzeo G, Bernardi P, Eusebi F, Grassi F, Tamburello C, Zani BM,
Microwave effects on acetylcholine-induced channels in cultured chick myotubes.
Bioelectromagnetics 9(4):363-372, 1988.
The behavior of cultured myotubes from chick embryos exposed to microwaves has
been experimentally analyzed. Recordings of acetylcholine-induced currents have
been obtained via patch-clamp techniques using both cell-attached
(single-channel current recording) and whole-cell (total current recording)
configurations. During the exposure to low-power microwaves the frequency of the
ACh-activated single channel openings decreased, while the ACh-induced total
current showed a faster falling phase. Channel open time and conductance were
not affected by microwave irradiation. It is concluded that the exposure to
microwaves increases the rate of desensitization and decreases the channel
opening probability. The nonthermal origin and the molecular interaction
mechanisms governing these electromagnetic-induced effects are discussed.
(6) Dolk H, Shaddick G, Walls P, Grundy C, Thakrar B, Kleinschmidt I, Elliott P, Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter. Am J Epidemiol 145(1):1-9, 1997.
A small area study of cancer incidence in 1974-1986 was carried out to investigate an unconfirmed report of a "cluster" of leukemias and lymphomas near the Sutton Coldfield television (TV) and frequency modulation (FM) radio transmitter in the West Midlands, England. The study used a national database of postcoded cancer registrations, and population and socioeconomic data from the 1981 census. Selected cancers were hematopoietic and lymphatic, brain, skin, eye, male breast, female breast, lung, colorectal, stomach, prostate, and bladder. Expected numbers of cancers in small areas were calculated by indirect standardization, with stratification for a small area socioeconomic index. The study area was defined as a 10 km radius circle around the transmitter, within which 10 bands of increasing distance from the transmitter were defined as a basis for testing for a decline in risk with distance, and an inner area was arbitrarily defined for descriptive purposes as a 2 km radius circle. The risk of adult leukemia within 2 km was 1.83 (95% confidence interval 1.22-2.74), and there was a significant decline in risk with distance from the transmitter (p = 0.001). These findings appeared to be consistent over the periods 1974-1980, 1981-1986, and were probably largely independent of the initially reported cluster, which appeared to concern mainly a later period. In the context of variability of leukemia risk across census wards in the West Midlands as a whole, the Sutton Coldfield findings were unusual. A significant decline in risk with distance was also found for skin cancer, possibly related to residual socioeconomic confounding, and for bladder cancer. Study of other radio and TV transmitters in Great Britain is required to put the present results in wider context. No causal implications can be made from a single cluster investigation of this kind.
(7) Dutta SK, Ghosh B, Blackman CF, Radiofrequency radiation-induced calcium ion efflux enhancement from human and other neuroblastoma cells in culture. Bioelectromagnetics 1989;10(2):197-202
To test the generality of radiofrequency radiation-induced changes in 45Ca2+ efflux from avian and feline brain tissues, human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to electromagnetic radiation at 147 MHz, amplitude-modulated (AM) at 16 Hz, at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0005 W/kg. Significant 45Ca2+ efflux was obtained at SAR values of 0.05 and 0.005 W/kg. Enhanced efflux at 0.05 W/kg peaked at the 13-16 Hz and at the 57.5-60 Hz modulation ranges. A Chinese hamster-mouse hybrid neuroblastoma was also shown to exhibit enhanced radiation-induced 45Ca2+ efflux at an SAR of 0.05 W/kg, using 147 MHz, AM at 16 Hz. These results confirm that amplitude-modulated radiofrequency radiation can induce responses in cells of nervous tissue origin from widely different animal species, including humans. The results are also consistent with the reports of similar findings in avian and feline brain tissues and indicate the general nature of the phenomenon.
(8) Fesenko, EE, Makar, VR, Novoselova, EG, Sadovnikov, VB, Microwaves and cellular immunity. I. Effect of whole body microwave irradiation on tumor necrosis factor production in mouse cells. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 49(1):29-35, 1999.
Whole body microwave sinusoidal irradiation of male NMRI mice with 8.15-18 GHz (1 Hz within) at a power density of 1 microW/cm2 caused a significant enhancement of TNF production in peritoneal macrophages and splenic T lymphocytes. Microwave radiation affected T cells, facilitating their capacity to proliferate in response to mitogenic stimulation. The exposure duration necessary for the stimulation of cellular immunity ranged from 5 h to 3 days. Chronic irradiation of mice for 7 days produced the decreasing of TNF production in peritoneal macrophages. The exposure of mice for 24 h increased the TNF production and immune proliferative response, and these stimulatory effects persisted over 3 days after the termination of exposure. Microwave treatment increased the endogenously produced TNF more effectively than did lipopolysaccharide, one of the most potential stimuli of synthesis of this cytokine. The role of microwaves as a factor interfering with the process of cell immunity is discussed.
(9) Hjollund NH, Bonde JP, Skotte J, Semen analysis of personnel operating military radar equipment. Reprod Toxicol 11(6):897, 1997.
This is a preliminary survey of semen quality among Danish military personnel operating mobile ground-to-air missile units that use several microwave emitting radar systems. The maximal mean exposure was estimated to be 0.01 mW/cm2. The median sperm density of the military personnel was significantly low compared to the references. The difference is either due to chance, uncontrolled bias, or nonthermal effects of transitory microwaves.
(10) Hocking B, Gordon IR, Grain HL, Hatfield GE, Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers. Med J Aust 165(11-12):601-605, 1996.
(Published erratum appears in Med J Aust 166(2):80, 1997.)
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is an increased cancer incidence and
mortality in populations exposed to radiofrequency radiations from TV towers.
DESIGN: An ecological study comparing cancer incidence and mortality, 1972-1990,
in nine municipalities, three of which surround the TV towers and six of which
are further away from the towers. (TV radiofrequency radiation decreases with
the square of the distance from the source.) Cancer incidence and mortality data
were obtained from the then Commonwealth Department of Human Services and
Health. Data on frequency, power, and period of broadcasting for the three TV
towers were obtained from the Commonwealth Department of Communications and the
Arts. The calculated power density of the radiofrequency radiation in the
exposed area ranged from 8.0 microW/cm2 near the towers to 0.2 microW/cm2 at a
radius of 4km and 0.02 microW/cm2 at 12 km. SETTING: Northern Sydney, where
three TV towers have been broadcasting since 1956. OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate ratios
for leukaemia and brain tumour incidence and mortality, comparing the inner with
the outer areas. RESULTS: For all ages, the rate ratio for total leukaemia
incidence was 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.40). Among children,
the rate ratio for leukaemia incidence was 1.58 (95% CI, 1.07-2.34) and for
mortality it was 2.32 (95% CI, 1.35-4.01). The rate ratio for childhood
lymphatic leukaemia (the most common type) was 1.55 (95% CI, 1.00-2.41) for
incidence and 2.74 (95% CI, 1.42-5.27) for mortality. Brain cancer incidence and
mortality were not increased. CONCLUSION: We found an association between
increased childhood leukaemia incidence and mortality and proximity to TV
towers.
(11) Ivaschuk OI, Jones RA, Ishida-Jones T, Haggren W, Adey WR, Phillips JL, Exposure of nerve growth factor-treated PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells to a modulated radiofrequency field at 836.55 MHz: effects on c-jun and c-fos expression. Bioelectromagnetics 18(3):223-229, 1997.
Rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells have been treated with nerve growth factor and then exposed to athermal levels of a packet-modulated radiofrequency field at 836.55 MHz. This signal was produced by a prototype time-domain multiple-access (TDMA) transmitter that conforms to the North American digital cellular telephone standard. Three slot average power densities were used: 0.09, 0.9, and 9 mW/cm2. Exposures were for 20, 40, and 60 min and included an intermittent exposure regimen (20 min on/20 min off), resulting in total incubation times of 20, 60, and 100 min, respectively. Concurrent controls were sham exposed. After extracting total cellular RNA, Northern blot analysis was used to assess the expression of the immediate early genes, c-fos and c-jun, in all cell populations. No change in c-fos transcript levels were detected after 20 min exposure at each field intensity (20 min was the only time period at which c-fos message could be detected consistently). Transcript levels for c-jun were altered only after 20 min exposure to 9 mW/cm2 (average 38% decrease).
(12) Kolodynski AA, Kolodynska VV, Motor and psychological functions of school children living in the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station in Latvia. Sci Total Environ 180(1):87-93, 1996.
This paper presents the results of experiments on school children living in
the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station (RLS) in Latvia. Motor function,
memory and attention significantly differed between the exposed and control
groups. Children living in front of the RLS had less developed memory and
attention, their reaction time was slower and their neuromuscular apparatus
endurance was decreased.
(13) Lebedeva NN, Sulimov AV, Sulimova OP, Kotrovskaya TI, Gailus T,
Cellular phone electromagnetic field effects on bioelectric activity of human
brain. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 28(1-2):323-337, 2000.
24 volunteers participated in the experiments. The investigation of EEG reactions to cellular phone (EMF frequency 902.4 MHz and intensity 0.06 mW/cm2) was conducted. Two experiments were performed with each subject--cellular phone exposure and Placebo Duration of the experiment was 60 min: 15 min--background; 15 min--EMF exposure or Placebo; 30 min-after exposure. EEG was recorded in 16 standard leads with "eyes open" and "eyes closed". Special software with non-linear dynamics was developed for EEG analyses. One parameter, multichannel (global) correlation dimension, was calculated. The changes of these parameters can be evidence of brain functional state changes. As a result of EEG record processing, a significant increase of global correlation dimension during the exposure and after exposure period was discovered, more pronounced in the case of "eyes closed". That can be viewed as the manifestation of cortex activation under phone EMF exposure.
(14) Magras, IN, Xenos, TD, RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal
development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics 18(6):455-461, 1997.
The possible effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on prenatal development
has been investigated in mice. This study consisted of RF level measurements and
in vivo experiments at several places around an "antenna park." At these
locations RF power densities between 168 nW/cm2 and 1053 nW/cm2 were measured.
Twelve pairs of mice, divided in two groups, were placed in locations of
different power densities and were repeatedly mated five times. One hundred
eighteen newborns were collected. They were measured, weighed, and examined
macro- and microscopically. A progressive decrease in the number of newborns per
dam was observed, which ended in irreversible infertility. The prenatal
development of the newborns, however, evaluated by the crown-rump length, the
body weight, and the number of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae, was
improved.
(15) Mann, K, Wagner, P, Brunn, G, Hassan, F, Hiemke, C, Roschke, J, Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine system. Neuroendocrinology 67(2):139-144, 1998.
The influence of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields emitted from a circularly polarized antenna on the neuroendocrine system in healthy humans was investigated (900 MHz electromagnetic field, pulsed with 217 Hz, average power density 0.02 mW/cm2). Nocturnal hormone profiles of growth hormone (GH), cortisol, luteinizing hormone (LH) and melatonin were determined under polysomnographic control. An alteration in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity was found with a slight, transient elevation in the cortisol serum level immediately after onset of field exposure which persisted for 1 h. For GH, LH and melatonin, no significant effects were found under exposure to the field compared to the placebo condition, regarding both total hormone production during the entire night and dynamic characteristics of the secretion pattern. Also the evaluation of the sleep EEG data revealed no significant alterations under field exposure, although there was a trend to an REM suppressive effect. The results indicate that weak high-frequency electromagnetic fields have no effects on nocturnal hormone secretion except for a slight elevation in cortisol production which is transient, pointing to an adaptation of the organism to the stimulus.
(16) Michelozzi P, Ancona C, Fusco D, Forastiere F, Perucci CA, Risk of leukemia and residence near a radio transmitter in Italy. Epidemiology 9 (Suppl) 354p, 1998.
We conducted a small area study to investigate a cluster of leukemia near a high power radio-transmitter in a peripheral area of Rome. The leukemia mortality within 3.5 km (5,863 inhabitants) was higher than expected (SMR=2.5, 95% confident interval 1.07-4.83); the excess was due to a significant higher mortality among men (7 cases observed, SMR=3.5). The results of the Stone's test, after adjusting for socio-economic confounding, showed a significant decline in risk with distance from the transmitter only among men (p=0.005), whereas the p-value for both sexes was p=0.07.
(17) Navakatikian MA, Tomashevskaya LA, Phasic behavioral and endocrine effects of microwaves of nonthermal intensity. In "Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields, Volume 1," D.O. Carpenter (ed) Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1994, pp.333-342.
Microwaves at nonthermal levels are able to induce behavioral and endocrine changes at low power densities (0.01-0.1 mW/cm2). Our studies have demonstrated several phases of inhibition and activation. We suggest that inhibition of behavior by microwaves has many mechanisms depending on the strength and duration of exposure, and most inhibitory effects from direct actions on the nervous system. Activation, on the other hand, is correlated well with decreases in serum concentrations of testosterone and insulin. CW microwaves, however, have no influence on the secretion of insulin.
(18) Novoselova, EG, Fesenko, EE, Makar, VR, Sadovnikov, VB, Microwaves and cellular immunity. II. Immunostimulating effects of microwaves and naturally occurring antioxidant nutrients. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 49(1):37-41, 1999.
The effect of 8.15-18 GHz (1 Hz within) microwave radiation at a power density of 1 microW/cm2 on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production and immune response was tested. A single 5 h whole-body exposure induced a significant increase in TNF production in peritoneal macrophages and splenic T cells. The mitogenic response in T lymphocytes increased after microwave exposure. The activation of cellular immunity was observed within 3 days after exposure. The diet containing lipid-soluble nutrients (beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and ubiquinone Q9) increased the activity of macrophages and T cells from irradiated mice. These results demonstrate that irradiation with low-power density microwaves stimulates the immune potential of macrophages and T cells, and the antioxidant treatment enhances the effect of microwaves, in particular at later terms, when the effect of irradiation is reduced.
(19) Persson BRR, Salford LG, Brun A, Blood-brain barrier permeability in rats exposed to electromagnetic fields used in wireless communication. Wireless Network 3:455-461, 1997.
Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been studied in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes. The rats were not anesthetised during the exposure. The brains were perfused with saline for 3-4 minutes, and thereafter perfusion fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 5-6 minutes. Whole coronal sections of the brains were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 micrometers. Albumin and fibinogen were demonstrated immunochemically and classified as normal versus pathological leakage. In the present investigation we exposed male and female Fischer 344 rats in a Transverse Electromagnetic Transmission line camber to microwaves of 915 MHz as continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated with different pulse power and at various time intervals. The CW-pulse power varied from 0.001 W to 10 W and the exposure time from 2 min to 960 min. In each experiment we exposed 4-6 rats with 2-4 controls randomly placed in excited and non-excited TEM cells, respectively. We have in total investigated 630 exposed rats at various modulation frequencies and 372 controls. The frequency of pathological rats is significantly increased (P< 0.0001) from 62/372 (ratio 0.17 + 0.02) for control rats to 244/630 (ratio: 0.39 + 0.043) in all exposed rats. Grouping the exposed animals according to the level or specific absorption energy (J/kg) give significant difference in all levels above 1.5 J/kg. The exposure was 915 MHz microwaves either pulse modulated (PW) at 217 Hz with 0.57 ms pulse width, at 50 Hz with 6.6 ms pulse width or continuous wave (CW). The frequency of pathological rats (0.17) among controls in the various groups is not significantly different. The frequency of pathological rats was 170/480 (0.35 + 0.03) among rats exposed to pulse modulated (PW) and 74/149 (0.50 + 0.07) among rats exposed to continuous wave exposure (CW). These results are both highly significantly different to their corresponding controls (p< 0.0001) and the frequency of pathological rats after exposure to pulsed radiation (PW) is significantly less (p< 0.002) than after exposure to continuous wave radiation (CW).
(20) Phillips, J.L., Ivaschuk, O., Ishida-Jones, T., Jones, R.A., Campbell-Beachler, M. and Haggren, W. DNA damage in Molt-4 T- lymphoblastoid cells exposed to cellular telephone radiofrequency fields in vitro. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 45:103-110, 1998.
Molt-4 T-lymphoblastoid cells have been exposed to pulsed signals at cellular
telephone frequencies of 813.5625 MHz (iDEN signal) and 836.55 MHz (TDMA
signal). These studies were performed at low SAR (average = 2.4 and 24
microwatt/g for iDEN and 2.6 and 26 microwatt/g for TDMA) in studies designed to
look for athermal RF effects. The alkaline comet, or single cell gel
electrophoresis, assay was employed to measure DNA single-strand breaks in cell
cultures exposed to the radiofrequency (RF) signal as compared to concurrent
sham-exposed cultures. Tail moment and comet extent were calculated as
indicators of DNA damage. Statistical differences in the distribution of values
for tail moment and comet extent between exposed and control cell cultures were
evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff distribution test. Data points for all
experiments of each exposure condition were pooled and analyzed as single
groups. It was found that: 1) exposure of cells to the iDEN signal at an SAR of
2.4 microwatt/g for 2 h or 21 h significantly decreased DNA damage; 2) exposure
of cells to the TDMA signal at an SAR of 2.6 microwatt/g for 2 h and 21 h
significantly decreased DNA damage; 3) exposure of cells to the iDEN signal at
an SAR of 24 microwatt/g for 2 h and 21 h significantly increased DNA damage; 4)
exposure of cells to the TDMA signal at an SAR of 26 microwatt/g for 2 h
significantly decreased DNA damage. The data indicate a need to study the
effects of exposure to RF signals on direct DNA damage and on the rate at which
DNA damage is repaired.
(21) Schwartz JL, House DE, Mealing GA, Exposure of frog hearts to CW or amplitude-modulated VHF fields: selective efflux of calcium ions at 16 Hz. Bioelectromagnetics 11(4):349-358, 1990.
Isolated frog hearts were exposed for 30-min periods in a Crawford cell to a 240-MHz electromagnetic field, either continuous-wave or sinusoidally modulated at 0.5 or 16 Hz. Radiolabeled with calcium (45Ca), the hearts were observed for movement of Ca2+ at calculated SARs of 0.15, 0.24, 0.30, 0.36, 1.50, or 3.00 mW/kg. Neither CW radiation nor radiation at 0.5 Hz, which is close to the beating frequency of the frog's heart, affected movement of calcium ions. When the VHF field was modulated at 16 Hz, a field-intensity-dependent change in the efflux of calcium ions was observed. Relative to control values, ionic effluxes increased by about 18% at 0.3 mW/kg (P less than .01) and by 21% at 0.15 mW/kg (P less than .05), but movement of ions did not change significantly at other rates of energy deposition. These data indicate that the intact myocardium of the frog, akin to brain tissue of neonatal chicken, exhibits movement of calcium ions in response to a weak VHF field that is modulated at 16 Hz.
(22) Somosy Z, Thuroczy G, Kubasova T, Kovacs J, Szabo LD, Effects of modulated and continuous microwave irradiation on the morphology and cell surface negative charge of 3T3 fibroblasts. Scanning Microsc 5(4):1145-1155, 1991.
Mouse embryo 3T3 cells were irradiated with 2450 MHz continuous and low frequency (16 Hz) square modulated waves of absorbed energy ranging from 0.0024 to 2.4 mW/g. The low frequency modulated microwave irradiation yielded more morphological cell changes than did the continuous microwave fields of the same intensity. The amount of free negative charges (cationized ferritin binding) on cell surfaces decreased following irradiation by modulated waves but remained unchanged under the effect of a continuous field of the same dose. Modulated waves of 0.024 mW/g dose increased the ruffling activity of the cells, and caused ultrastructural alteration in the cytoplasm. Similar effects were experienced by continuous waves at higher (0.24 and 2.4 mW/g) doses.
(23) Stagg RB, Thomas WJ, Jones RA, Adey WR, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in C6 glioma and primary glial cells exposed to a 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Bioelectromagnetics 18(3):230-236, 1997.
We have tested the hypothesis that modulated radiofrequency (RF) fields may act as a tumor-promoting agent by altering DNA synthesis, leading to increased cell proliferation. In vitro tissue cultures of transformed and normal rat glial cells were exposed to an 836.55 MHz, packet-modulated RF field at three power densities: 0.09, 0.9, and 9 mW/cm2, resulting in specific absorption rates (SARs) ranging from 0.15 to 59 muW/g. TEM-mode transmission-line cells were powered by a prototype time-domain multiple-access (TDMA) transmitter that conforms to the North American digital cellular telephone standard. One sham and one energized TEM cell were placed in standard incubators maintained at 37 degrees C and 5% CO2. DNA synthesis experiments at 0.59-59 muW/g SAR were performed on log-phase and serum-starved semiquiescent cultures after 24 h exposure. Cell growth at 0.15-15 muW/g SAR was determined by cell counts of log-phase cultures on days 0, 1, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 of a 2 week protocol. Results from the DNA synthesis assays differed for the two cell types. Sham-exposed and RF-exposed cultures of primary rat glial cells showed no significant differences for either log-phase or serum-starved condition. C6 glioma cells exposed to RF at 5.9 muW/g SAR (0.9 mW/cm2) exhibited small (20-40%) significant increases in 38% of [3H]thymidine incorporation experiments. Growth curves of sham and RF-exposed cultures showed no differences in either normal or transformed glial cells at any of the power densities tested. Cell doubling times of C6 glioma cells [sham (21.9 +/- 1.4 h) vs. field (22.7 +/- 3.2 h)] also demonstrated no significant differences that could be attributed to altered DNA synthesis rates. Under these conditions, this modulated RF field did not increase cell proliferation of normal or transformed cultures of glial origin.
(24) Stark KD, Krebs T, Altpeter E, Manz B, Griot C, Abelin T, Absence of
chronic effect of exposure to short-wave radio broadcast signal on
salivary melatonin concentrations in dairy cattle. J Pineal Res 22(4):171-176,
1997.
A pilot study was conducted to investigate the influence of electromagnetic fields in the short-wave range (3-30 MHz) radio transmitter signals on salivary melatonin concentration in dairy cattle. The hypothesis to be tested was whether EMF exposure would lower salivary melatonin concentrations, and whether removal of the EMF source would be followed by higher concentration levels. For this pilot study, a controlled intervention trial was designed. Two commercial dairy herds at two farms were compared, one located at a distance of 500 m (exposed), the other at a distance of 4,000 m (unexposed) from the transmitter. At each farm, five cows were monitored with respect to their salivary melatonin concentrations over a period of ten consecutive days. Saliva samples were collected at two-hour intervals during the dark phase of the night. As an additional intervention, the short-wave transmitter was switched off during three of the ten days (off phase). The samples were analyzed using a radioimmunoassay. The average nightly field strength readings were 21-fold greater on the exposed farm (1.59 mA/m) than on the control farm (0.076 mA/m).
The mean values of the two initial nights did not show a statistically significant difference between exposed and unexposed cows. Therefore, a chronic melatonin reduction effect seemed unlikely. However, on the first night of re-exposure after the transmitter had been off for three days, the difference in salivary melatonin concentration between the two farms (3.89 pg/ml, CI: 2.04, 7.41) was statistically significant, indicating a two- to seven-fold increase of melatonin concentration. Thus, a delayed acute effect of EMF on melatonin concentration cannot completely be excluded. However, results should be interpreted with caution and further trials are required in order to confirm the results.
(25) Tattersall JE, Scott IR, Wood SJ, Nettell JJ, Bevir MK, Wang Z, Somasiri NP, Chen X. Effects of low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on electrical activity in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res 904(1):43-53, 2001.
Slices of rat hippocampus were exposed to 700 MHz continuous wave radiofrequency (RF) fields (25.2-71.0 V m(-1), 5-15 min exposure) in a stripline waveguide. At low field intensities, the predominant effect on the electrically evoked field potential in CA1 was a potentiation of the amplitude of the population spike by up to 20%, but higher intensity fields could produce either increases or decreases of up to 120 and 80%, respectively, in the amplitude of the population spike. To eliminate the possibility of RF-induced artefacts due to the metal stimulating electrode, the effect of RF exposure on spontaneous epileptiform activity induced in CA3 by 4-aminopyridine (50-100 &mgr;M) was investigated. Exposure to RF fields (50.0 V m(-1)) reduced or abolished epileptiform bursting in 36% of slices tested. The maximum field intensity used in these experiments, 71.0 V m(-1), was calculated to produce a specific absorption rate (SAR) of between 0.0016 and 0.0044 W kg(-1) in the slices.
Measurements with a Luxtron fibreoptic probe confirmed that there was no detectable temperature change (+/-0.1 degrees C) during a 15 min exposure to this field intensity. Furthermore, imposed temperature changes of up to 1 degrees C failed to mimic the effects of RF exposure. These results suggest that low-intensity RF fields can modulate the excitability of hippocampal tissue in vitro in the absence of gross thermal effects. The changes in excitability may be consistent with reported behavioural effects of RF fields.
(26) Velizarov, S, Raskmark, P, Kwee, S, The effects of radiofrequency fields on cell proliferation are non-thermal. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 48(1):177-180, 1999.
The number of reports on the effects induced by radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields and microwave (MW) radiation in various cellular systems is still increasing. Until now no satisfactory mechanism has been proposed to explain the biological effects of these fields. One of the current theories is that heat generation by RF/MW is the cause, in spite of the fact that a great number of studies under isothermal conditions have reported significant cellular changes after exposure to RF/MW. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate which effect MW radiation from these fields in combination with a significant change of temperature could have on cell proliferation. The experiments were performed on the same cell line, and with the same exposure system as in a previous work [S. Kwee, P. Raskmark, Changes in cell proliferation due to environmental non-ionizing radiation: 2. Microwave radiation, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg., 44 (1998), pp. 251-255]. The field was generated by signal simulation of the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) of 960 MHz. Cell cultures, growing in microtiter plates, were exposed in a specially constructed chamber, a Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) cell. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value for each cell well was calculated for this exposure system. However, in this study the cells were exposed to the field at a higher or lower temperature than the temperature in the field-free incubator i.e., the temperature in the TEM cell was either 39 or 35 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The corresponding sham experiments were performed under exactly the same experimental conditions. The results showed that there was a significant change in cell proliferation in the exposed cells in comparison to the non-exposed (control) cells at both temperatures. On the other hand, no significant change in proliferation rate was found in the sham-exposed cells at both temperatures. This shows that biological effects due to RF/MW cannot be attributed only to a change of temperature. Since the RF/MW induced changes were of the same order of magnitude at both temperatures and also comparable to our previous results under isothermal conditions at 37 degrees C, cellular stress caused by electromagnetic fields could initiate the changes in cell cycle reaction rates. It is widely accepted that certain classes of heat-shock proteins are involved in these stress reactions.
(27) Veyret B, Bouthet C, Deschaux P, de Seze R, Geffard M, Joussot-Dubien J, le Diraison M, Moreau JM, Caristan A, Antibody responses of mice exposed to low-power microwaves under combined, pulse-and-amplitude modulation. Bioelectromagnetics 12(1):47-56, 1991.
Irradiation by pulsed microwaves (9.4 GHz, 1 microsecond pulses at 1,000/s), both with and without concurrent amplitude modulation (AM) by a sinusoid at discrete frequencies between 14 and 41 MHz, was assessed for effects on the immune system of Balb/C mice. The mice were immunized either by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or by glutaric-anhydride conjugated bovine serum albumin (GA-BSA), then exposed to the microwaves at a low rms power density (30 microW/cm2; whole-body-averaged SAR approximately 0.015 W/kg). Sham exposure or microwave irradiation took place during each of five contiguous days, 10 h/day. The antibody response was evaluated by the plaque-forming cell assay (SRBC experiment) or by the titration of IgM and IgG antibodies (GA-BSA experiment). In the absence of AM, the pulsed field did not greatly alter immune responsiveness. In contrast, exposure to the field under the combined-modulation condition resulted in significant, AM-frequency-dependent augmentation or weakening of immune responses.
(28) Wolke S, Neibig U, Elsner R, Gollnick F, Meyer R, Calcium homeostasis of isolated heart muscle cells exposed to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 17(2):144-153, 1996.
The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) of isolated ventricular cardiac myocytes of the guinea pig was measured during the application of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields. The high-frequency fields were applied in a transverse electromagnetic cell designed to allow microscopic observation of the myocytes during the presence of the high-frequency fields. The [Ca(2+)]i was measured as fura-2 fluorescence by means of digital image analysis. Both the carrier frequency and the square-wave pulse-modulation pattern were varied during the experiments (carrier frequencies: 900, 1,300, and 1,800 MHz pulse modulated at 217Hz with 14 percent duty cycle; pulsation pattern at 900 MHz: continuous wave, 16 Hz, and 50 Hz modulation with 50 percent duty cycle and 30 kHz modulation with 80 percent duty cycle). The mean specific absorption rate (SAR) values in the solution were within one order of magnitude of 1 mW/kg. They varied depending on the applied carrier frequency and pulse pattern. The experiments were designed in three phases: 500 s of sham exposure, followed by 500 s of field exposure, then chemical stimulation without field. The chemical stimulation (K+ -depolarization) indicated the viability of the cells. The K+ depolarization yielded a significant increase in [Ca(2+)]i. Significant differences between sham exposure and high-frequency field exposure were not found except when a very small but statistically significant difference was detected in the case of 900 MHz/50 Hz. However, this small difference was not regarded as a relevant effect of the exposure.
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